The Cuora genus (Latin name: Cuora) has a total of 14 species in the world and 10 species in China. However, the Qiongya Cuora was later found to be a hybrid between Yellow-fronted and Serrata.

All species of turtles in the wild protection list refer to the 10 species of turtles in China. If the Qiongya turtles are removed, there will be only 9 species. Foreign countries The 4 types of domestic management levels approved through the appendix are the same.

The golden-headed turtle Cuora? aurocapitata (China)

Cuora flavomarginata (China)

Cuora galbinifrons (China)

Cuora flavomarginata (China) mccordi (China)

Cuora mouhotii (China)

Cuora pani (China)

Cuora three-line turtle trifasciata (China)

Cuora yunnanensis (China)

Cuora zhoui (China)

Qiongya turtle Cuora serrata (China)

Cuora amboinensis

Cuora bourreti

Cuora picturata

Cuora cyclornata

Remarks: Cuora cyclornata is a third-line closed-shell turtle in Vietnam.

Golden-headed closed-shell turtle

Latin name: Cuora aurocapitata

Domestic protection level: Level 2 (wild populations only)

CITES Appendix: Appendix II

Introduction:

It has been rumored that the origin of the golden-headed turtle is located on the northern slope of Huangshan Mountain in Anhui Province, the source and Shaoyang River of the Yangtze River tributary Qingyi River Counting four and five-level tributaries; the two tributaries of Qinxi River in Jingxian County (the ancient dam section of Caoxi River; the Caicun section of Dingxi River) and the Gufeng to Changqiao section of Gufeng River, the source of Qingyi River in Yixian County, Qingxi River Beauty The section above the creek.

But in fact, except for the local people who live there and have captured wild individuals, no one knows the real activity area of ​​the golden-headed closed-shell turtle. This is also a long-standing mystery. Of course, in When the wild population was relatively large in the early days, many were taken away by foreigners.

Perhaps at that time, there was no strict legal system for foreigners coming to China to acquire wild protected animals. Of course, there is now, and they need to report to the local authorities and obtain administrative permission.

This turtle is elegant and graceful, in line with the charm and temperament of national turtles, and is deeply loved by turtle breeders at home and abroad. It is also one of the few high-end closed-shell turtles suitable for breeding in the north. The artificial breeding environment is prone to fungi.

It is currently believed that there are two subspecies, namely the named subspecies Cuora aurocapitata aurocapitata (bamboo leaf bottom) and the Dabie Mountain subspecies Cuora aurocapitata dabieshani (king bottom).

Many turtle lovers are afraid of buying a hybrid between Pan and Golden Head, so they pay great attention to the base and pursue bamboo leaf bases. In fact, to judge whether Golden Head is pure or not, the big guys in the turtle world have already concluded Very accurate: yellow head color, brown-red carapace and cone cone (there are also pure golden heads with non-red cone cone), green eyes (larvae may appear blue-gray), and black anus.

There are various types of gold head bottom plates, ranging from tooth-like to almost completely black. From the bottom plate, you can indeed judge whether the gold head is pure, but it is not necessary.

Yellow-margined turtle

Latin name: Cuora flavomarginata

Domestic protection level: Level 2 (wild populations only)

CITES Appendix: Appendix II

Introduction:

Huangyuan is a very easy to raise turtle. You can tell by looking at the distribution of its origin that this species is extremely adaptable. They are as strong as the Ryukyu Islands and Hualien in Taiwan in the south, Shennongjia and the Dabie Mountains in the north, and the coast of Jiangsu and Zhejiang in the east. Their activities are traced across several temperature zones.

Currently, the popular sayings in the market are An Yuan, Taiwan Yuan, Mainland Yuan, Ryukyu Yuan, and Hybrid Yuan. Of course, these are just the standards of the player market. Academically speaking, there are only two types, named The subspecies Cuora flavomarginata flavomarginata and the Ryukyu species Cuora flavomarginata evelynae.

Among them, An Yuan is the most beautiful. Generally speaking, An Yuan has no eyeliner, an obvious coracoid process, a fleshy red neck, a connected U line that is orange-red and yellowish in color, a rosy face, and a connected back line. The color is uniform, reddish brown on the forearms and transitions very softly to fleshy red on the neck.

Of course, this is only the performance of part of An Yuan. Not every An Yuan has such a standard, so we believe that it is biased to judge An Yuan in this way, but it can be regarded as high quality. An Yuan's reference.

The eyeline on the edge of the platform is wider, there is no coracoid process, the color of the neck is dark, the U-line is disconnected and the color is bright yellow, the face is yellow, the topline is disconnected and the end is more divergent. , the forearm turns black.

Ryukyuen is the smallest species. The head line of some individuals is interrupted, some are L-shaped, and some are U-shaped. The carapace has obvious three keels and obvious halo-shaped patches, but Some turtle friends believe that some Taiyuan individuals have similar characteristics. The only difference between the two is the average size of adults, with Ryukyu margin being smaller.

The characteristics of An Yuan, Tai Yuan and Ryukyu Yuan are for understanding and reference only.

The Yellow-fronted Turtle< /p>

Latin name: Cuora galbinifrons

Domestic protection level: Level 2 (wild populations only)

CITES Appendix: Appendix I

Introduction:

The yellow-fronted turtle is a very attractive species in the genus Turtle. There are or have been wild populations in northern Vietnam, Laos, Hainan, Guangxi and other places in mainland China. , the habit is semi-aquatic and terrestrial, and is similar to the serrata. In the latest academic classification, the yellow-fronted turtle only refers to the black-bellied species, with a black belly and a black belly. As the name suggests, the plastron is black.

The other two former subspecies, the Bushen's turtle and the painted turtle, have split off and are now independent as the Brun's turtle and the patterned turtle.

Male turtles can mate throughout the year. If the female turtle is willing to cooperate, she will stop and raise her tail to wait for the male turtle. If she is not willing to mate, she will run away. The mating time is 5-20 minutes. A male turtle will mate with the same female turtle several times. Eggs will start laying around May. In the north, it may take until June-July. It may be related to the accumulated temperature. There are 1-3 eggs in a clutch. , the incubation temperature is maintained at 28-30 degrees, the vermiculite thickness is about 5 cm, the humidity is maintained between 75% and 85%, and the eggs hatch in about 70 to 90 days.

Baise-colored closed-shell turtle

Latin name: Cuora mccordi

Domestic protection level: Level 2 (wild populations only)

CITES Appendix: Appendix II

Introduction:

The original specimen of this species was purchased from the junction of Baise, Guangxi and Yunnan, so it was named after the place, Baise closed-shell turtle, but The specific place of origin of this species is confusing. The mainstream view is Guiping, Guangxi, but no one has found it so far.

Most of the Baise closed-shell turtles that entered the market early went to Europe and the United States.

The area of ​​origin belongs to the south subtropical zone, with high temperatures and sufficient sunshine. It rains heavily in summer and is prone to floods. There are droughts in spring and autumn, and frosts in winter. In other words, the Baise turtle has strong temperature adaptability and can withstand a certain low temperature. Its successful breeding in the north has also verified this.

Seaside turtle

Latin name: Cuora mouhotii

Domestic protection level: Level 2 (wild populations only)

CITES Appendix: Appendix II

The origin of saw blades was once distributed in Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and Yunnan in China, and abroad in Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, India, Malaysia, etc. Although It cannot completely close its shell, but it has been classified as a genus in the latest classification.

Although some turtle friends have tried hibernating without stress, it is not recommended for this species to challenge low temperatures.

The male turtle is extremely cruel, even more cruel than the Yellow Throat. The female Throat's neck will be bitten and scarred during mating, but the female turtle may have her carapace bitten into pieces during the mating process. .

It is recommended that male turtles be placed in a group of female turtles only during the mating season, and that male turtles should be kept alone as much as possible at other times. Females that have completed mating will often show obvious signs of laying eggs at the end of June. Egg laying begins in early July or in mid-July. Generally, a female Serrata weighing about 1.2 pounds will lay 3-4 eggs. The thickness of the eggshell is much thicker than that of other turtles, and the eggshell wall thickness can reach 0.5 mm. The highest record is six eggs, and it usually takes 85-95 days for the egg to hatch.

Recipe combination: feed, fruits, vegetables, insects, etc. as staple food, and occasionally feed high-protein foods such as eggs.

Pan's box turtle

Latin name: Cuora pani

Domestic protection level: Level 2 (only wild populations)

CITES Appendices: Appendix II

Introduction:

Pan's turtle is the northernmost species of the genus Pan's turtle in China. It was first discovered in Shaanxi. To commemorate the animal research in Shaanxi Professor Pan Zhongguo, the former director of the institute, and the discoverer Song Mingtao named it Pan's closed-shell turtle in 1984.

In addition to Shaanxi Province where it was found, wild Pan's box turtles are also found in Sichuan (a tributary of the Jialing River) and Hubei Province.

Because the Pan's box turtle originates relatively far north and can tolerate a certain degree of low temperature, some turtle enthusiasts in some northern areas have also begun to pay attention to this species in recent years.

It is relatively easy to raise Pan's. As long as the artificial individuals have no serious problems and are quite solid, there are still slight differences in appearance and color between the Sichuan species and the Hubei species.

Three-line closed-shell turtle

Latin name: Cuora trifasciata

Domestic protection level: Level 2 (only wild populations)

CITES Appendix: Appendix II

Introduction:

The three-line closed-shell turtle, also known as the money turtle, means the return of money, auspicious omen, and brings wealth, good luck, and health to people.

It is said that the golden turtle, villa, podocarpus, koi, and sweet-scented osmanthus are among the five major treasures of wealthy people in Guangdong. The golden turtle is one of them.

The money turtles currently circulating in the market can be divided into three types according to their distribution area and appearance: Vietnamese blood rice (currently the three-line closed-shell turtle has been separated, and it is independently called the Liyuan closed-shell turtle), Guangdong Tupao, Hainan Dahuangtou.

Vietnamese blood rice is mainly characterized by its red color. The black markings on the front half of the carapace are in the shape of a 'rice', and are divided into large "rice" and small "rice". The skin on the ventral surface is bright red, which is why blood rice gets its name.

Guangdong native cannon has a kind of simplicity and beauty, which is most in line with the aesthetic concept of the Chinese people. It is both subtle and public, with a slightly pointed head and a golden prism on the back of the head, which is like a "tassel"; There are distinct wide black stripes on the sides of the cheeks.

The main feature of Hainan Dahuangtou is yellow, bright yellow, especially the head, hence its name.

Yunnan closed-shell turtle

Latin name: Cuora yunnanensis

Domestic protection level: Level 2 (wild populations only)

CITES Appendix: Appendix II

Introduction:

The Yunnan box turtle population is extremely rare and is endemic to China. In China, it is also limited to the high-altitude mountainous areas in central Yunnan Province. Its type origin is located in Dongchuan, Yunnan, at an altitude of 2210 meters. Some friends believe that there are also wild populations in the border areas of Guangxi and Yunnan.

This species was first discovered in 1906 by Belgian-British biologist George Albert Boulenger from Kunming Prefecture (5 items) and Dongchuan Prefecture (5 items) of Yunnan Province in the Qing Dynasty. 1) named after the 6 specimens collected.

It was once thought to be extinct in the wild. It took 40 years from the time it was named in 1906 before it was reported that a Yunnan closed-shell turtle was found in the West Mountain of Kunming, Yunnan.

The appearance of the Yunnan closed-shell turtle is not too high, and some people even jokingly call it Anbu weed. However, it is rare and expensive, and the price once skyrocketed. In October 2015, an exhibition was held in Dongguan, Guangdong. At the turtle exhibition, the price of this Yunnan closed-shell turtle was as high as 14 million yuan.

Zhou's closed-shell turtle

Latin name: Cuora zhoui

Domestic protection level: Level 2 (wild populations only)

CITES Appendix: Appendix II

Introduction:

The type sample was collected by Mr. Zhou Jiufa, the founder of Nanjing Turtle and Turtle Nature Museum, in Guangxi Pingxiang Market. The specific place of origin is unknown and passed through China Academician Zhao Ermi of the Chengdu Institute of Biology of the Academy of Sciences identified it and determined it to be a new species.

It was named Zhou’s closed-shell turtle in recognition of Mr. Zhou Jiufa’s contribution to establishing China’s first turtle museum and promoting scientific research on turtles.

The wild population is extremely rare and is on the verge of extinction, or has become extinct.

Zhou's closed-shelled turtles have been successfully bred in China, but they are relatively unpopular, with only a few people having feathers and horns. Because the population is very rare, they can be called the nobles of the closed-shelled turtle genus.

Ordinary turtle circles rarely have information about this species, and generally only high-end player circles have this object.

Qiongya closed-shell turtle

Latin name: Cuora serrata

Domestic protection level: Level 2 (wild populations only)

CITES Appendix: Appendix II

Introduction:

Qiongya’s box turtle, also known as the saw-fronted box turtle, was once considered an independent species, but was later found to be a yellow-fronted box turtle. The tortoise and the turtle were naturally hybridized in the wild, and were subsequently declared an invalid species.

The main production areas of Qiongya box turtle are Hainan, Guangdong, Vietnam, Myanmar and Cambodia. They are mostly found in artificially bred individuals, and wild natural hybrid individuals are extremely rare.

The body color and shape are changeable, each one is different, swinging between the two turtle forms of yellow forehead and serrated turtle, each one is unique! Because of inertia, the yellow forehead mentioned here still refers to Lao Sanya, that is, the three subspecies of black belly, Brucella, and picture. The latter two have become independent, as we mentioned earlier.

This species perfectly inherits the dominant genes from both parents and is of great ornamental value.

Malay closed-shell turtle

Latin name: Cuora amboinensis

Domestic protection level: Level 2 (wild population only)

CITES Appendix: Appendix II

Introduction:

The Malayan box turtle, also known as the Anbu box turtle, is distributed in most Southeast Asian countries, including Bangladesh, the Philippines, and Cambodia. , India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, etc., it is generally believed that there is no distribution in China, but some turtle friends believe that there may also be wild populations in the Shiwanda Mountains of Guangxi.

It is generally believed that there are 4 subspecies of Malayan closed-shelled turtles, namely:

C. a. amboinensis Bian'an

C. a. kamaroma Black An

C. a. cuoro Gray An

C. a. lineate Xian An

Lian An (flat subspecies) is characterized by a flat body. Compared with the other three subspecies, it is obvious that the number on the market is small. It is generally believed to come from the Philippines and Indonesia, so it is also called Philippine Bian and Indian Bian in the market.

Hei'an (black-backed subspecies) is characterized by a heavy black back.

Grey An (grey-backed subspecies) is characterized by its light-colored carapace.

I feel that there are transitional individuals between black and gray, and pure black and gray are still easy to distinguish.

Xian'an (lineated subspecies) is one of the most popular species among the Anbu closed-shell turtles. It has an excellent appearance, great ornamental value and economic value, with gorgeous head patterns and black bottom plate. The spots are distributed evenly and symmetrically, and there is an obvious yellow line in the middle of the carapace, so it is called Linear Anbu closed-shell turtle, Golden Line Anbu turtle, or Linean for short.

Daily feeding of Anbu turtles:

The larvae are almost completely aquatic, and the adults live both on land and water, but they still prefer water. They can be raised directly as water turtles. They are mainly herbivorous. You can feed them vegetable leaves, and occasionally eat some insects, fish and shrimp.

Cuora bourreti

Latin name: Cuora bourreti

Domestic protection level: Level 2 (only wild populations)

CITES Appendices: Appendix I

Introduction:

This species was originally a subspecies of the yellow-fronted turtle, Brunei's turtle. It has now been separated and is an independent turtle. Distribution In central Vietnam, southern Laos and northwest Cambodia.

The carapace of Breton's is taller than those with black belly and yellow forehead, and its head color is relatively simple, mainly yellow. Some individuals' limbs will appear attractive orange-red, and the top of their head will be noble gold. Show the appearance of an emperor.

Although the color pattern of Brucella is also more variable, the span is smaller than that of Melanobelly. The plastron is mostly off-white with scattered black spots on both sides. The pupils are round, which is one of the important means of distinguishing Brushford from drawings.

Pictured closed-shell turtle

Latin name: Cuora picturata

Domestic protection level: Level 2 (only wild populations)

CITES Appendix: Appendix I

Introduction:

This species was originally a pictorial subspecies of the yellow-fronted turtle. It has now been separated and is an independent patterned turtle. Its habitat is Central and southern Vietnam, the place of origin has a tropical climate, rarely lower than 18°C. The main production areas are Khanh Hoa Province and Phu Ngan Province, with a small amount distributed in Tak Lak Province.

The head patterns in the pictures are very simple, almost all reticular patterns, and its pupils are different from Bush's round ones, they are all irregular and look the same.

The black spots on the plastron are larger and more concentrated than those on Breton's.

Cuora cyclornata

Latin name: Cuora cyclornata

Domestic protection level: Level 2 (only wild populations)

CITES Appendix: Appendix II

Introduction:

This species was originally a Vietnamese subspecies of the three-lined turtle, and became an independent turtle in modern times. It is distributed in Vietnam, Laos and In the western part of Guangxi, China, the carapace is reddish-brown, the top of the head is olive green, the lower jaw, neck, and inside of the limbs are orange-red, with narrow black edges on both sides of the head, a pointed snout, and a black ventral carapace, with patterned radial lines in the middle or on the upper half. The word "rice".